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Last updated: August 13, 2026 · By White Metal Resources Editorial
Quick answer: Dental gold scrap value equals the assayed weight of each precious metal in the piece times its spot price, minus a refining fee. Most modern high-noble crowns contain 60 percent or more precious metal by weight, usually gold with palladium, silver and sometimes platinum. A refiner tests each piece and pays roughly 80 to 90 percent of the underlying metal value on a clean lot.
Local jewelers usually pay less because they cannot assay accurately and resell the same day. Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns weigh more than they refine, because the porcelain coating carries no metal value. Compute your lot from the alloy class, not from the total weight of the pile.
Short on time? The essentials
- Dental gold alloys are cast by class, not by karat stamp. The American Dental Association groups them as high-noble (60 percent or more noble metal, with at least 40 percent gold), noble (25 percent or more noble metal), and predominantly base-metal (less than 25 percent noble metal).
- Noble metals under this classification are gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium and ruthenium. A typical dental gold alloy also includes silver, copper, zinc or indium as strengthening and casting metals.
- Modern high-noble crowns often sit around 62 to 78 percent gold by weight for Type III casting alloys and 60 to 70 percent for Type IV, with palladium, silver and copper making up most of the balance. Individual mixes vary by lab and year.
- A refiner assays each piece with X-ray fluorescence or fire assay before quoting a payout. That is why a written per-piece quote is impossible without the assay. Do not accept a flat per-gram number from a walk-in buyer without an assay reference.
- At an illustrative gold spot of 2400 dollars per troy ounce, palladium spot of 950 dollars, silver spot of 30 dollars and platinum spot of 950 dollars, a 10 gram mixed high-noble scrap lot at 65 percent gold, 20 percent palladium and 10 percent silver holds about 512.02 dollars in underlying metal content before refining fees.
- Dental refiners typically pay 80 to 90 percent of that underlying metal value on a clean lot after subtracting a refining charge. Local jewelry buyers and pawn desks routinely pay 40 to 60 percent because they cannot assay and resell inventory the same day.
- Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns weigh more than they refine. A refiner will separate the metal substructure from the porcelain and pay only for the metal content, so the total gross weight of a PFM lot overstates the payable weight.
- The main dental refiner types are national assay-based refiners, regional precious-metals refiners with dental desks, and mail-in dental scrap services. Local coin shops and jewelry buyers also take dental scrap but usually pay a wider spread.
- Federal Trade Commission consumer guidance on bullion and coin sales applies to any precious-metals scrap transaction. Ask for the assay method, the spot references used per metal, and the paid percentage of underlying value, in writing before the pieces leave your hands.
- Dental scrap sold to a refiner does not enter the retirement account framework at all. Precious metals held inside a self-directed IRA are a different topic covered separately.
Dental gold has an unusual property in the scrap market. Almost every piece is a custom alloy cast in a dental lab from a formula that varies by decade, by lab and by region. The stamp on a crown, when there is one, rarely tells you the actual composition.
That gap explains most of what follows. Refiners assay each lot. The payable weight almost never matches the shipped weight. A walk-in buyer's offer can look nothing like the numbers a dental refiner mails back on a settlement sheet.
This page opens the math. It covers what dental gold and palladium alloys actually are, how the American Dental Association groups them, why assay drives the payout, and how the porcelain on a metal-ceramic crown affects the payable weight.
It also walks through a worked example on a 10 gram mixed high-noble scrap lot at labeled example spot prices. The goal is a single reference that lets an inheritor or former patient compute a fair number before choosing a refiner.
What dental gold and palladium alloys actually are
Dental gold is a family name for casting alloys used to make crowns, bridges, inlays, onlays and partial denture frames. It is almost never pure gold. Pure gold is too soft for chewing loads and would deform inside a few years of function. Dental labs cast alloys that combine gold with other noble metals, plus copper, zinc, indium and sometimes silver, to reach the hardness and biocompatibility a crown needs.
The exact recipe varies by product. A traditional yellow gold crown might be a Type III casting alloy at 62 to 78 percent gold, with copper and silver for hardness and color. A modern high-palladium alloy might run 60 to 80 percent palladium, 5 to 15 percent gold and 10 to 15 percent silver.
Some alloys are formulated for specific construction types. A porcelain-fused-to-metal crown often uses an alloy tuned to bond with the porcelain layer at high firing temperatures. Cast partial denture frames may use noble or base-metal alloys depending on cost and design.
The historical arc matters for anyone opening a jar inherited from a parent or grandparent. Wikipedia summarizes the standard dental literature: palladium-based alloys were introduced in the 1970s as a cheaper alternative to gold alloys. Older crowns extracted before the 1970s skew toward high gold content. Crowns extracted from the 1980s forward often include substantial palladium. Newer crowns increasingly use base-metal alloys with almost no precious metal at all.
The three ADA alloy classes and why they matter
The American Dental Association groups dental casting alloys into three broad classes, based on the total noble metal content by weight. Noble metals under this classification are gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium and ruthenium. The class of an alloy sets the ceiling on how much precious metal a refiner can recover from a piece.
High-noble alloys contain 60 percent or more noble metal by weight, with at least 40 percent gold. Noble alloys contain 25 percent or more noble metal by weight. Predominantly base-metal alloys contain less than 25 percent noble metal by weight and are usually cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium or nickel-chromium-beryllium. Base-metal alloys hold very little scrap value because the recoverable precious metal content is small.
A refiner cannot know the class from a visual inspection. Yellow color suggests gold, and whiter color can suggest palladium or a base-metal alloy, but the visual signal is not diagnostic. That is why the assay step exists, and why any per-piece quote before assay is a placeholder rather than a firm price. The chart below shows the noble-metal floor for each ADA class.
Why every refiner assays each piece
Every commercial dental refiner assays a lot before paying on it. Assay is the process of measuring the actual precious metal content of a piece or a melted lot. Without it, the refiner is guessing about the alloy family, and the seller is guessing about the payout.
There are two common assay methods used on dental scrap. X-ray fluorescence, or XRF, is a non-destructive surface reading that gives a percentage breakdown of the detected metals in seconds. XRF is the standard first-pass on individual pieces and on unmelted lots. It reads the surface only, so it can miss variation deeper in a piece.
Fire assay is the more accurate method for a full lot. The refiner melts the scrap into an ingot, drills or shaves a small sample, then chemically extracts and weighs each precious metal. Fire assay is destructive and slower but confirms the actual recoverable content of the melted lot rather than the surface composition of individual pieces. Most dental refiner settlements are based on fire assay of the melted bar.
The assay result then drives the settlement math. The refiner reports the assayed weight of each precious metal separately, applies the day's spot price to each metal, sums the underlying value, and subtracts a refining fee. The seller sees a per-metal breakdown on the settlement sheet, not a single flat number.
Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns weigh more than they refine
Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, often called PFM crowns, are a mixed construction. A cast metal substructure carries the load, and a fired porcelain veneer covers the metal for a tooth-colored appearance. The porcelain has no precious metal content and cannot be sold as scrap.
A refiner handling a PFM lot separates the porcelain from the metal before assay. That happens either mechanically, by crushing the piece and picking out the metal fragments, or chemically, by dissolving the porcelain in an acid bath that leaves the metal intact. Either way, the refiner assays only the recovered metal and pays only on that fraction.
The practical consequence for a seller: the gross weight of a PFM lot on a kitchen scale overstates the payable weight. If a lot of five PFM crowns weighs 8 grams total on the scale, the metal substructure inside might weigh only 4 or 5 grams once the porcelain is removed. The other 3 or 4 grams is porcelain and pays nothing. This is the single most common surprise on a first dental scrap settlement.
Full-metal gold crowns without porcelain have no such gap. Their gross weight equals their metal weight, so the payable ounces track the shipped ounces closely. If a lot mixes full-gold crowns with PFM crowns, the settlement will show two different recovery rates by weight.
A worked example on a 10 gram mixed high-noble lot
The math below runs a full computation on a 10 gram lot of mixed high-noble dental scrap. The lot is small enough to represent a household jar and large enough to make the arithmetic obvious. Every dollar figure is a computation from stated example spot prices, not a quote from any refiner.
Picture an inheritor who consolidates a parent's dental gold after a dental office cleanout. The jar holds several full-metal gold crowns and a few loose bridges, all recovered before the widespread shift to base-metal alloys. Total gross weight is 10 grams. The refiner's assay comes back at 65 percent gold, 20 percent palladium and 10 percent silver, with the remaining 5 percent as copper and other base metals. The lot is priced against illustrative spot prices of 2400 dollars per troy ounce of gold, 950 dollars per troy ounce of palladium and 30 dollars per troy ounce of silver.
- Gross weight of the lot: 10 grams of high-noble dental scrap.
- Convert grams to troy ounces: 10 grams divided by 31.1035 grams per troy ounce equals 0.3215 troy ounces of gross alloy.
- Gold content: 0.3215 troy ounces times 0.65 equals 0.2090 troy ounces of pure gold in the lot.
- Palladium content: 0.3215 troy ounces times 0.20 equals 0.0643 troy ounces of pure palladium in the lot.
- Silver content: 0.3215 troy ounces times 0.10 equals 0.0321 troy ounces of pure silver in the lot.
- Gold value at 2400 dollars per troy ounce: 0.2090 times 2400 equals 501.60 dollars.
- Palladium value at 950 dollars per troy ounce: 0.0643 times 950 equals 61.09 dollars.
- Silver value at 30 dollars per troy ounce: 0.0321 times 30 equals 0.96 dollars.
- Total underlying metal value at those example spots: about 563.65 dollars in pure metal content. This is the ceiling before any refining fee.
- Illustrative dental refiner payout at 85 percent of underlying value on a clean lot: 0.85 times 563.65 equals 479.10 dollars.
- Illustrative local jeweler payout at 50 percent of underlying value: 0.50 times 563.65 equals 281.83 dollars.
The paid amount for the same 10 gram lot ranges from about 282 dollars at a walk-in jeweler to about 479 dollars at a dental refiner. That gap is what a seller keeps or loses by choosing which door to walk through. The underlying metal is worth the same 563.65 dollars in either case, against the example 2400 dollar gold and 950 dollar palladium spots.
Substitute a different mix or a different spot to reprice. A lot assayed at 40 percent gold, 30 percent palladium and 10 percent silver, at the same spot prices, holds about 401 dollars in underlying metal content per 10 grams. A lot at 78 percent gold and 5 percent palladium holds about 620 dollars per 10 grams. The refiner payout percentages stay in the same 80 to 90 percent range on clean sorted lots.
Figures are illustrative computations from labeled example spot prices, not a quote from any specific refiner, and not a forecast of future metal prices. Spot prices are examples for computation. This is not tax or investment advice. Consult a licensed advisor for personal decisions.
Try the same math on your own pile with the calculator block below. Enter a gross gram weight, a fineness or share for each precious metal, and a stated example spot price. The block will compute the pure metal content and the underlying dollar value.
Precious metals melt value calculator
Melt value is what the pure metal in your piece is worth at today's spot price. Formula: weight in troy ounces times fineness (purity) times spot price per troy ounce. Enter your numbers below; nothing is sent anywhere.
Not sure what the current spot price is? See how the spot price is set and where to look it up.
Estimate only, not an offer to buy or sell. Melt value is the theoretical value of the pure metal content. Dealers typically pay a percentage of melt (often 60 to 95 percent depending on form, quantity, and buyer type). Conversion constants used: 1 troy ounce = 31.1035 grams; 1 pennyweight = 1.5552 grams; 1 avoirdupois ounce = 28.3495 grams. Spot price is entered by you; this tool never fetches live prices.
How dental refiners set the paid percentage
A dental refiner is running an industrial operation. It buys a lot from a seller, melts it, assays it, and extracts the precious metals. It then sells the recovered metal to a bullion market or returns it to the customer as pool-account credit.
The refiner earns money three ways. A per-lot refining charge covers the process work. A small processing loss stays with the refiner rather than the customer. Any spread between the paid percentage and 100 percent of the assayed value is retained margin.
The paid percentage of underlying value is usually 80 to 90 percent on a clean sorted dental lot. That number reflects several fixed costs. The refining charge covers the fire assay, the melt, the chemical separation, and the labor to sort and process the lot.
Processing loss covers a small amount of metal that stays in slag and dust after the first extraction pass. Assay verification covers a second-pass reading on the melted bar to confirm the first pass. Both reduce the effective payable weight by a small percentage.
Refiners publish fees in different formats. Some quote a per-lot refining fee, some a per-ounce refining fee on the incoming gross weight, and some a paid percentage net of fees. The reporting format varies. What matters is the final dollar figure per gram of underlying precious metal recovered.
Lot size drives the paid percentage the same way it does on any scrap transaction. A one-crown lot absorbs the fixed refining cost on a very small amount of recovered metal. The paid percentage sits at the low end of the range.
A pooled lot of 100 grams or more spreads the fixed cost across more metal and lands closer to the 90 percent ceiling. Some refiners set a lot-size minimum below which they will not accept work. Others apply a flat handling fee that eats a fixed dollar amount from small lots.
Where to send dental scrap and what to expect
There are three broad tiers of buyer for dental scrap, each with a different economic model. Choosing among them is a tradeoff between paid percentage, turnaround time and paperwork.
The first tier is the national assay-based dental refiner. These operations focus on dental and medical precious-metals scrap, run a fire assay on every lot, and publish a settlement sheet with per-metal weights and applied spot prices. Payment is by check or wire, usually within one to three weeks of the assay. This tier pays the highest percentage of underlying value on clean lots and requires shipping the lot in insured mail with a signed intake form.
The second tier is the regional precious-metals refiner with a dental desk. These operations handle a broader mix of precious-metals scrap and route dental lots through a specialized process line. Assay method and payment terms are similar to the national tier, though turnaround can be slower on off-peak volumes. The paid percentage is comparable on clean sorted lots.
The third tier is the mail-in dental scrap service, often marketed to dentists and to consumers with a small pile of inherited crowns. These services publish a paid percentage upfront and mail a payment envelope after assay. Terms vary widely. Some services are effectively branded fronts for a national refiner, while others charge undisclosed handling fees that lower the effective paid percentage below the headline number.
Local coin shops and jewelry buyers also take dental scrap. They usually resell the pile to a national refiner as their next step, so their offer is discounted for their own margin and their own wait time. The paid percentage at this tier typically sits well below what a national refiner would pay for the same lot shipped directly.
Why local jewelers usually pay less
A local jeweler or a pawn desk is not equipped to run a fire assay. The best a walk-in counter can do is weigh the lot, run a surface XRF reading if the shop owns a gun, and estimate an alloy family based on color and stamp. That estimate is inherently coarser than a fire assay on the melted lot.
The jeweler also has a different resale model. The shop cannot sell the recovered metal directly to a bullion market. It usually pools dental scrap with other precious-metals inventory and ships the pool to a national refiner.
The refiner pays the jeweler at the same 80 to 90 percent range that the jeweler could reach directly. The jeweler's margin is the gap between the paid percentage to the customer and the paid percentage from the refiner.
A jeweler that pays 50 to 60 percent of underlying metal value is not being dishonest by definition. That percentage reflects a real cost of intermediation, a real risk on the walk-in estimate, and a real hold time before the shop is paid by its refiner.
It is still substantially less than a seller can recover by shipping the same lot directly to a national refiner. The intermediation gap on a mid-size lot often runs 25 to 40 percentage points on the paid share.
The exception is a signed dental gold piece with a maker mark or a documented antique jewelry provenance. Some antique dental gold, especially early twentieth-century American pieces with named makers, may carry a modest collector premium over melt. Any such piece deserves an appraisal from a jewelry specialist before it goes to a scrap desk, because the scrap desk pays only the melt percentage.
A six step check before you send dental scrap
The steps below turn the assay-based math into a repeatable check. Follow them in order and the seller keeps control of the transaction rather than trusting a walk-in buyer or a mail-in envelope to compute the number honestly.
- Sort the pile by construction, not by karat. Separate full-metal gold crowns, bridges and inlays from porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, and set aside any obvious base-metal work. The metal-ceramic pieces will lose the porcelain weight in refining, so they belong in a separate weighing category.
- Weigh each category separately on a scale that reads to the tenth of a gram. Kitchen scales or jewelry scales both work. Record the gross weight of each category. Do not include attached teeth, plaster residue or resin bonding material, because the refiner will not pay for base material.
- Look up the current spot price for each precious metal. Gold, palladium, silver and platinum each trade separately. Public quote sources display the current spot price in US dollars per troy ounce for each metal. Note the time you pulled each quote because spot moves during market hours.
- Estimate a ceiling from the ADA class. For a full-metal high-noble crown, assume the alloy sits around 60 to 78 percent gold with 10 to 25 percent palladium and 5 to 15 percent silver. Compute the underlying value at those assumed shares. This gives a rough ceiling to compare against a refiner's actual assay.
- Ship to two or three refiners for a comparison assay, or use one refiner and request a copy of the fire-assay report. A reputable dental refiner will send a settlement sheet with the per-metal assayed weights and the applied spot prices. Compare that against your estimated ceiling. If the assay comes back well below expectation, ask for the assay method and the spot references applied.
- Read the settlement in dollars per gram of recovered metal, not in headline percentage. A high headline percentage on a low assay result can pay less than a lower headline percentage on a higher assay result. The final metric is the total dollars paid divided by the gross grams shipped. Compare that number across refiners on comparable lots.
Any dealer who refuses to state an assay method or a paid percentage of underlying value in writing before the pieces leave your hands is a dealer to walk away from. The Federal Trade Commission publishes consumer guidance on bullion and coin sales that reinforces the same principle: get the pricing mechanics in writing before the transaction.
Typical paid percentage by dealer type
The table below rolls up the paid percentage ranges observed across the common dental scrap buyer tiers. Ranges are illustrative, not quotes, and reflect the balance of assay accuracy, fixed processing cost and resale liquidity at each tier.
| Dealer type | Assay method | Typical paid percentage (clean lot) | Typical turnaround |
|---|---|---|---|
| National assay-based dental refiner | Fire assay of melted bar | 80 to 90 percent | 1 to 3 weeks |
| Regional precious-metals refiner (dental desk) | Fire assay of melted bar | 78 to 88 percent | 2 to 4 weeks |
| Mail-in dental scrap service | XRF or outsourced fire assay | 60 to 85 percent (headline varies) | 2 to 4 weeks |
| Local jewelry buyer | Walk-in weight and surface XRF | 40 to 60 percent | Same day |
| Local coin shop | Walk-in weight and visual | 40 to 65 percent | Same day |
| Pawn desk | Walk-in weight and visual | 25 to 50 percent | Same day |
Illustrative ranges reflect fixed assay, processing and inventory costs at each dealer tier. Ranges are not quotes and vary by refiner, by the day's spot prices, by lot size and by lot composition. Sources: general dental refiner published fee-schedule structure; Federal Trade Commission consumer guidance on bullion transactions; ADA classification of dental casting alloys summarized in the standard dental restoration literature. Checked August 2026.
The pawn desk row shows the widest spread because pawn buyers are pricing for immediate cash on a small pile with no assay. That percentage is a floor, not a fair number for a clean sorted lot with time to compare quotes.
Limits, red flags and honest caveats
Not every dental scrap buyer is honest, and not every headline percentage reflects the effective paid percentage after fees. A few warning signs come up often enough to bear listing.
The first is a flat per-gram quote given without a per-metal breakdown. A walk-in buyer who offers "we pay 40 dollars a gram for dental gold" is not quoting against an assay. That kind of flat number ignores the actual mix of gold, palladium, silver and base metal in the lot. It usually undervalues a high-noble alloy and overvalues a base-metal alloy. Insist on an assay-based settlement, not a flat per-gram number.
The second is a headline paid percentage that is not honored at final settlement. A mail-in service that advertises 90 percent of value but subtracts undisclosed handling fees and shipping deductions from the final check is effectively paying less than the headline. Read the terms of service before shipping. Reputable refiners disclose every fee upfront and itemize each deduction on the settlement sheet.
The third is a walk-in reclassification of a full-metal crown as a base-metal crown, without an assay. Some buyers accept a piece, sort it out of view, and return with a lower alloy classification than the seller expected. A base-metal reclassification of a piece that is actually high-noble costs the seller almost everything on that piece. The remedy is to ship to a fire-assay refiner rather than accepting a walk-in visual reclassification.
The honest limits of this page: every dollar figure is a computation from stated example spot prices, not a quote from any refiner, not a forecast of future metal prices, and not investment advice. Gold, palladium, silver and platinum spot prices all move continuously during market hours. Real dental refiner percentages vary by lot size, by lot composition, by refiner and by day. The ranges in the table above are common patterns rather than commitments.
Held in a retirement account, dental scrap is a different topic entirely. Physical precious metals held inside a self-directed IRA have to sit at specific fineness thresholds in an approved depository, and scrap sold to a refiner does not enter the IRA framework at all. That topic is covered in our precious metals IRA explainer rather than on this page.
Dental gold questions, answered
How much is dental gold worth per gram?
It depends on the assayed precious metal content of the specific piece. At illustrative spot prices of 2400 dollars per troy ounce of gold and 950 dollars per troy ounce of palladium, a high-noble crown at 65 percent gold and 20 percent palladium holds about 56 dollars in underlying metal per gram. A base-metal crown holds a small fraction of that. Compute per gram from the assay, not from a flat number.
Do all dental crowns contain gold?
No. Modern dental crowns include gold alloy crowns, palladium-based crowns, base-metal crowns and all-ceramic crowns. Only the gold and palladium alloys carry meaningful scrap value. All-ceramic crowns and base-metal crowns hold little to no precious metal, so they usually pay nothing at a refiner.
Can I sell dental gold with the tooth still attached?
Yes at most refiners. The refiner separates the tooth from the metal during processing and does not pay for the tooth or any attached bone or resin. The gross weight on your shipment will include the attached material, but the payable weight will reflect only the metal recovered.
Is a porcelain-fused-to-metal crown worth anything?
Yes, but less than a full-metal crown of the same gross weight. The porcelain veneer has no precious metal content and cannot be sold as scrap. The refiner separates the porcelain from the metal substructure and pays only on the metal. A PFM crown at 8 grams gross weight might yield only 4 or 5 grams of payable metal.
Why do local jewelers pay less than dental refiners?
A local jeweler cannot run a fire assay on the melted lot. It weighs the pile, may run a surface XRF reading, and estimates the alloy family from color and stamp. That estimate is coarser than a refiner's assay. The jeweler also pools dental scrap with other inventory and resells to a national refiner, so its paid percentage reflects the intermediation margin. Direct shipment to a refiner usually recovers the intermediation gap.
How is dental gold assayed?
Two methods are common. X-ray fluorescence, or XRF, is a non-destructive surface reading that gives a percentage breakdown of the detected metals in seconds. Fire assay is destructive and slower: the refiner melts the lot into a bar, samples the bar, and chemically extracts and weighs each precious metal. Most dental refiner settlements use fire assay of the melted bar because it captures the true recoverable content of the whole lot.
What is the ADA classification of dental gold?
The American Dental Association groups dental casting alloys into three classes by noble metal content. High-noble alloys contain 60 percent or more noble metal, with at least 40 percent gold. Noble alloys contain 25 percent or more noble metal. Predominantly base-metal alloys contain less than 25 percent noble metal. Noble metals under this classification are gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium and ruthenium.
Should I send dental scrap through the mail?
Yes, if you use an insured shipping method and a reputable refiner. Registered US Postal Service mail with declared value insurance is a common choice for small dental scrap lots. Ship with the refiner's intake form completed, keep a copy of the shipment weight, and photograph the pile before it leaves. Reputable refiners send a signed intake receipt on arrival before the assay begins.
Sources
- Wikipedia, Crown (dental restoration): American Dental Association classification of casting alloys as high-noble, noble and base-metal; Type III gold casting alloy 62 to 78 percent gold; Type IV 60 to 70 percent gold; palladium-based alloys introduced in the 1970s as a cheaper alternative to gold alloys; metal-ceramic crown construction with porcelain veneer over metal substructure. Checked August 2026.
- Wikipedia, Fineness: millesimal fineness definitions for precious metals and the standard troy-ounce conversion of 31.1035 grams per troy ounce. Checked August 2026.
- Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Advice: Investing in Bullion and Bullion Coins (bullion transaction guidance, verify pricing mechanics in writing, ask about fees before the transaction). Checked August 2026.
- FINRA, Investment Fraud: Precious Metals (retail investor guidance on precious metals transactions, red flags to watch for). Checked August 2026.
- US Geological Survey, Gold Statistics and Information (annual reports on gold supply, demand and recycling flows in the United States). Checked August 2026.
- US Geological Survey, Platinum Group Metals Statistics and Information (annual reports on palladium and platinum supply, demand and recycling flows). Checked August 2026.
- Silver Institute, Silver Supply and Demand (annual global silver demand mix and recycling flows, including scrap recovery). Checked August 2026.
- American Dental Association, Science and Research Institute (institutional reference for the ADA Council on Scientific Affairs classification of dental casting alloys). Checked August 2026.
